Autetaranga/Sand Daphne Pimelea villosa Endemic. At risk-declining. This plant is on the threatened species list as it is either scarce or extinct over much of Aotearoa New Zealand. Multiple threats are recorded and are similar to those of other dune plants with the addition of grazing by possums and rodents eating seeds. Full grown plants can reach 1.5m and accumulate large amounts of sand, making them effective sand binders. Although it is difficult to propagate from seed, it is thriving and propagating profusely all year round in the Dune Garden, including in some of the wetland areas. Ngāti Raukawa accords Autetaranga a special place as a decorative plant in their traditions. NZPCN-Sand Daphne CoastalRestorationtrust- Sand Daphne iNaturalist-Sand Daphne

IN-PAGE INDEX Marram Red-purple Ragwort Tree Lupin Moundlily Yucca Tree Mallow Poplar Cape Spurge Agapanthus Everlasting Pea Wilding Pine Karo INVASIVE SPECIES Marram Karaihe/European Marram Grass Calamagrostris arenaria Introduced. Not assessed. Probably the worst pest species we have in the dune system at Foxton Beach. It wasn’t always thought to be and had previously been widely planted as a means of stabilising sand erosion . A deep-rooted species which creates high dunes through its deep penetrating roots. Unfortunately, as can be seen in the photograph opposite, these can cause the dune to collapse. The planting of native sand-binders such as Pingao and Spinifex has been undertaken at the dunes for several years now, and in time, will hopefully prove to be a better solution than Marram. It has been proven that seed can remain viable for over 20 years at up to depths of 4 m of sand. Wind erosion could bring these to the surface at a future date. View article abstract here . nzpcn-Marram Grass Red-purple Ragwort Red-purple Ragwort Senecio elegans Introduced. Not assessed. This is a species that originated from South Africa with sand dunes its favoured habitat and, if left unchecked can quickly colonise new areas. They are controlled in the managed area of the dune garden but are found in areas bordering the estuary and should be pulled up, ensuring the basal leaves are removed. It is a very colourful plant and one that is grown in gardens and while not encouraged it is recommended to remove developing seed heads once flowering is finished. They produce an incredible number of seeds which is wind dispersed, thus quickly establishing new areas. Some species can cover large areas, and this can be seen on parts of Transmission Gully with Pink Ragwort. Some species can also be poisonous to stock. Weedbusters-Red-purple Ragwort iNaturalist-Red-purple Ragwort Tree Lupin Tree Lupin Lupinus arboreus Introduced. Not assessed Originating from California, it is a common weed in the area and swathes of yellow in the distance are most likely to be this species. A fairly easy plant to distinguish as a seedling because of its distinctive leaves, it should be pulled up before they become established. Once plants mature and seed, they have the potential to become established quite quickly as seed pods split explosively to disperse seeds which are also spread by water. These tall, up to 2.5 m plants, soon shade out any natives and allow other shade tolerant weedy species to colonise. Controlled in parts of the dune garden but should be pulled up if seen elsewhere. It is also tolerant of wind and cold. Weedbusters-Tree Lupin Moundlily Yucca Moundlily Yucca Yucca gloriosa Introduced. Not assessed. This is a very impressive species that is widely cultivated because of its rather exotic appearance. The only problem is that it can quite often outgrow its welcome and because of this is removed and frequently dumped in the vicinity of the estuary from where some make their way into the sand dunes. The plant itself is impressive with its long narrow, bright green leaves which can reach 50 cm and terminate with a sharp spike. It is at its most spectacular when it blooms, with the bell-shaped, white flowers that can sometimes be tinged with pink. These are produced on a stem which can be up to 2.5 m tall. The elongated berry can be up 7 cm and produce numerous seeds. Once they get to this stage and the dispersed seeds start to germinate this is when the serious problems start. Seeds can also be water dispersed. NZPCN-Moundlily Yucca Tree Mallow Tree Mallow Malva arborea Introduced. Not assessed. This is a species that is found in coastal regions in its natural distribution of Western Europe, extending as far as Libya. Like many pest species they are quite pretty which is a downfall in countries outside of its natural distribution making it a good subject for horticulture. It is fast growing and is subsequently pruned or removed completely while still in seed. Seed is reputed to be very resilient to salt water and can remain viable for many years in quite saline conditions. Because of its mobility and tolerance of sea water it has become quite a serious pest on numerous seabird islands around the world. Aiding its survival is its reputed ability to excrete salt through glands on its leaves. Has the potential pest species in this area. iNaturalist-Tree Mallow Poplar Pāpāra/White Poplar Populus alba Introduced. Not assessed. This pest species became naturalised in Aotearoa New Zealand in 1904 and has since became a serious problem as it spread to many areas. It is also a pest species in many areas outside of its natural distribution of the Northern Hemisphere. At the estuary it is growing extensively on both sides of Pinewood Road just on the approach the beach. Towards the end of 2024, with generous funding from Horizons Regional Council, Kaitiaki o Ngahere have been engaged in some poplar clearance. An example of their efforts can be seen from the photograph opposite. Apart from crowding out other plants, it quickly spreads by producing suckers from lateral roots which can extend as much as 30 m from the main stem, throwing up new shoots to quickly form dense clumps. Wikipedia-White Poplar Cape Spurge Caper Spurge Euphorbia lathyris Introduced. Not assessed. If not controlled this has the potential to become a serious pest in the area. Currently found only in the region of Pinewood Road, it has been the subject of concerted efforts by the Wednesday weeding group at controlling a spreading infestation. Care has to be taken when handling this plant as broken stems produce latex which can cause skin irritation. This is exasperated by exposure to sunlight and can cause severe blistering. All parts of this plant are poisonous to humans and most animals. The natural range of this species is southern Europe and north Africa eastwards to western China.but has become naturalised through garden waste dumping and is now classed as invasive in many countries. iNaturalist-Caper Spurge Agapanthus Agapanthus praecox Introduced. Not assessed. This is a widely grown species which is sometimes called the Blue or African Lily and is familiar to many with its bright blue, globe-shaped flowers. More rarely, white coloured flowers can be found with lighter shades of blue also occurring in some populations. It is a native to Southern parts of Africa but is naturalised in several countries including Australia and New Zealand and is now regarded as a pest species in several others. In Aotearoa New Zealand it is frequently found in parkland and along roadsides. The blooms once they have finished flowering produce a number of flattened seeds which are spread by wind once dry or by water in areas prone to heavy rain. They can take up to four years to flower. They should be deadheaded once flowering is over to help prevent their spread. Wikipedia-Agapanthus praecox Agapanthus Everlasting Pea Lathyrus latifolius Introduced. Not assessed. The alternative name for this plant is the Broad-leaved Sweet Pea, an apt and descriptive name referring to the elongated 2 cm wide leaves which can reach 7.5 cm long. If growing amongst vegetation it is able to scramble up to a height of 2 m, aided by twinning tendrils that help it grasp. It is, however, able to scramble over open ground. Flowers are large, up to 2.5 cm and are a rich pink with some lighter areas. Flowering season can be long, spanning nine months from September through to May, depending on area. Many seedpods are produced but also spreads from rhizomes. Native to Europe it has been introduced to many countries and is now classed as an environmental weed here in Aotearoa New Zealand. NZPCN-Broad-leaved Sweet Pea Everlasting Pea Wilding Pine Pinus radiata Introduced. Not assessed. Several conifer species fall under this category but for the Foxton Beach area it is Pinus radiata, the familiar Radiata Pine. This species as a whole is planted for commercial timber production but it is not those that are planted, it is the growth that develop from seed outside of these areas which cause a problem. These grow quickly and out compete all other species, including any natives. These wilding pines are becoming a real problem in some areas and attempts to control them nationally is becoming a major problem. In the Foxton Beach area, they are not a problem as such but there is a number starting to encroach in the area near Pinewood Road and needs addressing. Wilding Pines.NZ Wilding Pine Karo Pittosporum crassifolium Endemic. Not threatened. This fast-growing shrub is one of the few native species that is considered to be invasive. Although endemic, it only occurs naturally in the north of the North Island and for various reasons has spread too other areas. It is a common garden plant, along with other members of the Pittisporum genus but unlike those it spreads vigorously through the copious amount of seeds it produces. It is mainly a coastal species adapting to a variety of coastal habitats from coastal dune slacks to boulder beaches and sometimes on steep cliffs. Flowers are red/pink/purple and borne in clusters with grey bulbous seed pods developing soon after before the black seeds are dropped or dispersed Wikipedia-Pittosporum crassifolia Karo

Legislation can be divided into three main sections - National, Regional and District, all of which will cover many aspects of use and protection of the Estuary. Those on a National level cover the whole country. The Regional encompasses groups of districts. Horowhenua is our local district and is grouped with other districts to create the Manawatū-Whanganui Region (called Horizons). National legislation directs Regional legislation and Regional legislation directs District legislation. Click on each banner to access either National, Regional and District legislation, each of which will contain links applicable to the Estuary and surrounding area. These will be divided further into categories, if needed, such as wildlife, water, land etc and will have links to main pages, if present on the website. HOROWHENUA DISTRICT COUNCIL LEGISLATION The full range of Policies and Bylaws applicable on a local level can be viewed here......... .. Local Bylaws and Policies The recently updated Public Placed Bylaw in available here......... . Public Places Bylaw 2024 The recently updated Dog Control Bylaw is available here....... Dog Control Bylaw 2025 The Local Waters Combined Bylaw came into effect on 1 July 2025 and means there is now one combined bylaw covering all our local water services. Previously there were three different Bylaws (Water Supply, Wastewater and Trade Waste) and no Stormwater Bylaw. All previous bylaws can be viewed through Local Bylaws and Policies. Sections of Land Transport Bylaw are applicable to the estuary as areas of the beach are classed as a road. HORIZONS REGIONAL COUNCIL LEGISLATION Much of the legislation applicable to both the Manawatū River and Estuary is governed by Horizons Regional Council. The overarching bylaw is https://www.horizons.govt.nz/flood-emergency-management/river-safety and the foreword to this document is reproduced below to give an idea of the scope this covers. Please refer to this for any information needed if planning to use the river for either commercial or recreational purposes as some restrictions may apply. Water quality data is available here if you are planning to be in the water for whatever reason. The other main recreational use is whitebaiting and the current regulations can be found here. For more detail on the various tasks undertaken by Horizons in relation to flood management, please consult horizons.govt.nz AOTEAROA NEW ZEALAND LEGISLATION The Aotearoa New Zealand Government has its own website specifically dedicated to legislation and is available here . Perhaps the most important legislation for the area is the Wildlife Act . This is a comprehensive document covering all aspects of wildlife protection. When the link above is activated, it takes you to the contents page where each section has a link to the subject covered. A link to secondary legislation is included but has only a limited implication for our area. When searching for specific content, those items will be highlighted yellow . hdc horizons aotearoa MINISTRY FOR PRIMARY INDUSTRIES (MPI) mpi The Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) is responsible for overseeing and regulating New Zealand's primary industries, including agriculture, fisheries, food safety, and biosecurity. It is a complex organisation and is the go to place for regulations surrounding many aspects of business, animal welfare and biosecurity. Their website can be found here and contains a wealth of information, including detailed information on emerging biosecurity threats such as Yellow-legged Hornet and Golden Clam.

Grasswort Lilaeopsis novae - zelandiae Endemic. Not threatened. Also known by several other names, including tape measure plant or micro sword, it is another subtle, small endemic dune wetland herb and at home in only a handful of places in the Dune Garden. One of these locations is always findable, as the others tend to come and go depending on the wind and sand deposition. Like many of these small herbs it has tiny 2mm subtle white flowers, which you have to look closely to find them. Some related species are common plants for aquarists, but care needs to be taken that none are allowed to escape, and disposal needs to be done carefully. NZPCN-Lilaeopsis novae-zelandia e iNaturalist-Lilaeopsis novae-zelandiae

Pingao/Golden Sand Sedge Ficinia spiralis Endemic. At risk-declining. Pingao is a yellow/orange/red sedge grass used for decorative purposes throughout Maoridom. In spite of being a hardy plant, it grows slowly, so it is on the threatened species list. Common in the Dune Garden, it grows both in the dry dunes as well as in the dune wetland areas. Pingao’s dune building abilities are visible in the Dune Garden and is easily located in the dunes by the Surf Club. Formerly widely distributed the decline has been brought on by a number of factors as diverse as burning, browsing by domestic stock, damage by motor vehicles driving over dune systems and over-harvesting by weavers. The latter would not have been an issue before it became scarce but if only leaves and not whole plants are taken, they will regenerate.and help preserve this important plant. More difficult to grow, small numbers are planted alongside Spinifex in the dunes. Trials are underway at Wildlife Foxton Trust to see if local conditions will assist with its propagation. coastalrestorationtrus-Pingao ecology iNaturalist-Ficinia spiralis NZPCN-Fcinia spiralis

Pāpāngaio Te Wharangi Manawatū Estuary Newsletters Prior to the launch of the Pāpāngaio Te Wharangi Manawatū Estuary Management Plan in March 2025, the first newsletter produced by the Manawatū Estuary Management Team became available in November 2024 and is linked below. Future issues will be produced at least quarterly. Subsequent issues are also linked as are the Management Plan and Ramsar pages for more general information on the Ramsar site and the documents associated with it. Issue 6 February 2026 Issue 5 December 2025 Issue 4 September 2025 Issue 3 July 2025. Issue 2 April 2025 Issue 1 November 2024 Newspaper and Magazine Articles The launch of the Plan attracted much local media attention in both the Horowhenua Chronicle and the Horowhenua Star. As time progresses, it is anticipated that there will be more coverage of the estuary and the activities which are undertaken to improve this important area. Click on dates below each thumbnail to view a larger version. newspaper Horowhenua Chronicle 12/2/26 Stuff 10/2/2026 Horowhenua Star 5/12/2025 Horowhenua Chronicle 20/11/2025 Horowhenua Chronicle 02/10/2025 Horowhenua Chronicle 04/9/2025 Horowhenua Chronicle 24/7/2025 Horowhenua Chronicle 24/7/2025 Manawatū Standard 3/5/2025 Horowhenua Star 4/4/2025 Horowhenua Chronicle 21/3/2025 Horowhenua Chronicle 21/2/25 Horowhenua Chronicle 18/12/2025 Horowhenua Star 28/11/2025 Horowhenua Chronicle 12/11/25 Horowhenua Star 26/9/2025 Horowhenua Chronicle 04/9/2025 Horowhenua Chronicle 29/5/2025 Horowhenua Chronicle 1/5/2025 Horowhenua Chronicle 1/5/2025 Horowhenua Chronicle 28/3/2025 ENM Newsletter March 2025 Horowhenua Chronicle 22/1/2024 Horowhenua Chronicle 11/12/2025 Horowhenua.Star 21/11/2025 Horowhenua Chronicle 02/10/25 Horowhenua Chronicle 25/9/25 Horowhenua Chronicle 31/7/2025 Horowhenua Star 27/6/2025 Horowhenua Chronicle 8/5/2025 Horowhenua Chronicle 17/4/2025 Manawatū Standard 25/3/2025 Horowhenua Chronicle 28/2/2025 Stuff 20/2/2023

Sand Buttercup Ranunculus acaulis Native. Not threatened. A relative of the Common Buttercup that is found growing in lawns and paddocks, this specialised tiny member of the buttercup family occurs for the most part in sandy or muddy areas. This species flowers in November or December with flowers finished in days, so you are lucky to see one at all. The first instance of this plant appeared in the Dune Garden in April 2019, and within two years spread over a large area, propagating by fragments floating on the winter waters, to take hold in new areas. Several other small species in the Dune Garden utilise this propagation method as well. It is also found in Tasmania, Falkland Islands and Chile. NZPCN-Ranunculus acaulis iNaturalist-Ranunculus acaulis

Birds Shorebirds are some of the special birds found at the estuary. These are wading birds, most of whom live in wetland or coastal areas. Shorebirds usually feed by picking invertebrates or molluscs out of the substrate of rivers, lakes, or coasts which usually involves some wading, hence their alternative name of waders. The sandspit at Foxton Beach is the best place to view shorebirds and this is easily done at high tide from the viewing platform on Dawick Street. At this time birds are mostly resting and are easy to observe and you may even be lucky enough to spot something out of the ordinary. When the tide is lower, birds can be seen feeding on the extensive mudflats. Some species are exclusively estuarine (feeding only on the estuary mudflats) but some species can also be seen all along the Manawatū River. Many of the estuary shorebirds are migratory arriving in good numbers for our summer while some Aotearoa New Zealand birds, like the Wrybill winter in the estuary and then fly to the South Island to breed in our summer. Long distance travelers, such as the Bar-tailed Godwits are our renowned summer visitors, before returning to the Arctic for the northern summer to breed. As well as waders, seabirds and wetland birds are present at the estuary. A national wader count is carried out twice a year to monitor long-term trends in the wader population at sites throughout Aotearoa New Zealand. Click here to find out more about the wader counts on a national scale. Thanks to Birds NZ, a breakdown for those species recorded in the estuary is available here. Please bear in mind this is a snapshot on any one given day. More detailed information is given below under the 6 eBird estuary locations. A checklist of species recorded from the area is included here . Information is basic and continually up-dated with links given by the usual method to a wealth of additional information. Headings and columns A and B are locked, so are always visible. This checklist follows a recognised international format and may not follow any that are used in Aotearoa New Zealand. Web address links are edited to fit within the static species columns. List can be downloaded and additions for personal use be "save as". These will not be saved to web. Sightings of banded/flagged birds at the Estuary When bird-watching from the viewing platform on Dawick Street, coloured leg bands/rings may be seen on some birds. These have been applied through research projects, not only in Aotearoa New Zealand but also overseas. These can take the form of either plain colours, inscribed with numbers/letters or flags. Details are entered into a database which can, over time help build up a picture of some of their movements. Details on how to report these are explained in more detail on the research page here A few examples are given here for birds seen at the estuary. This is only a snapshot of what has been recorded with Department of Conservation database holding extensive data sets. Complete details include age, sex and other records are held there but those included via this link give only brief details of the species recorded so far - Bar-tailed Godwits, Lesser Knot, Caspian Tern, Fairy Tern and Shore Plover. Top and side columns are locked so details are scrollable. The Estuary, although not one of the official East Asian - Australian Flyway (EAFF) shorebird registered sites, the area is still within the flyway and birds visit from all over. Protocols for colour marking of shorebirds worldwide has just been revised and is available here . There are 6 bird recording hotspots within Foxton Beach recorded on eBird and these are given below. Click on each link to view sighting in more detail, scrolling through the options as required. 1 2 3 5 6 4 1 Foxton Beach - Outer Coast 2 Foxton Beach (general) 3 Bollards, Manawatū Estuary 4 Dawick Street Viewing Platform 5 Foxton Beach Boardwalk 6 Manawatū Estuary near Boat Ramp e Bird Some of the birds you might see are shown below. Click on the images to learn more about these special species. Each has a link at the end of some brief text to a more detailed account. Many thanks to Terry Oliver-Ward for providing these beautiful photographs Ngutu pare/Wrybill Kuaka/Bar-tailed Godwit Mātātā/Fernbird Kuriri/Pacific Golden Plover Kōtare/Sacred Kingfisher Pohowera/Banded Dotteral Taranui/Caspian Tern Tara/White-fronted Tern Tarāpuka/Black-billed Gull Tarāpunga/Red-billed Gull Karoro/Southern Black-backed Gull Kakīānau/Black Swan Tētē-moroiti/Grey Teal Kuruwhengi/Australasian Shoveler Rakiraki/Mallard Kuiki/Canada Goose Pūkeko/Australasian Swamp Hen Tūturiwhatu/Spur-winged Plover Warou/Welcome Swallow Kōtuku/White Heron Kōtuku ngutupapa/Royal Spoonbill Kawaupaka/Little Pied Shag Matuku hūrepo/Australasian Bittern Matuku moana/White-faced Heron Photo by Imogen Warren

Sand Wind Grass Lachnagrostis billardierei Native. Not threatened. Like Tātaraheke/Sand Coprosma, this is mainly considered a dry dune species, but in the Dune Garden is found widely in the ephemeral dune wetland areas too. Common throughout Aotearoa New Zealand, it is also present in Australia. It grows as a tufted grass up to around 50 cm tall, mainly on sand but also occurs in other well-draining habitats such as cobble and rocky beaches, occasionally found inland. Flowers from August through to February and fruits from December to June with the spectacular purple heads of the summer being larger and more common on the dry dune plants but is still a distinguishing feature for this species in the dune wetland locations. NZPCN-Wind Sand Grass iNaturalist-Sand Wind Grass

The Manawatū Estuary Trust is grateful for the support it receives from the community and organisations that fund community groups. We rely on volunteers and donations to run. The Manawatū Estuary Trust holds committee meetings on the first Tuesday of every month and these are held at Holben Pavilion starting at 7pm. The meetings are open to both the public and community. The Annual General Meeting (AGM) is held in November. A guest speaker and afternoon tea generally follow the proceedings. Details will appear here and on our Facebook page so check in nearer the time. Please contact us if you would like to become a member of the Manawatū Estuary Trust. The annual subscription is $20 for an individual or family. Payment can be made by electronic payment to: Account name - Manawatū Estuary Trust Account number - 38-9007-0522216-00 Kiwi Bank, Levin You can contact us by email using the form below or by post at: Manawatū Estuary Trust P.O. Box 11 Foxton Beach Your details were sent successfully! Send

Kawaupaka/Little Pied Shag Microcarbo melanoleucos Native. Relict (much reduced but stable population) This is the most common of the five species of cormorants recorded in the Estuary and is most frequently seen perched on both man-made and natural structures. They will also rest on land, but this is not favoured as difficulty is experienced when taking off. Diet consists of fish, including tuna (eels) and crustacea but will also consume frogs and invertebrates in brackish water. They hunt by diving and can stay submerged for up to twenty seconds at a time often surfacing some distance away. At the onset of the breeding season both sexes develop a crest. Nests are built in tree-top colonies, usually over-hanging water and are bulky structures in which up to five eggs are laid. Also observed in the area is the Māpunga/Great Cormorant:(Phalacrocorax carbo ) which is a much large, all black bird. This is a cosmopolitan species that occurs in many parts of the world. nzbirdsonline-Little Shag

Wīwī/Sea Rush Juncus krausii Native. Not threatened. As with some other rushes, the Māori name for this species is lumped together under Wīwī. In this Ramsar site, it is the most common species, but in the salt marsh area it endures competition, some native, some exotic and is only encountered infrequently. There are presently none of these plants in the Dune Garden, but it is found in ephemeral dune wetlands at a number of points along this coast and is widespread throughout Aotearoa New Zealand in various saltwater habitats. It is also found throughout Australia, Southern Africa and South America and because the stems are fibrous they are used by indigenous Australians and the Zulu people of South African to make sleeping mats, baskets and crafts. Even in some areas, fishing line. Because of this usefulness, it is cultivated and managed to ensure a regular supply. Little used here in Aotearoa New Zealand as the endemic Harakeke/New Zealand Flax is a readily available fibre and has a greater range of uses because of its larger size and superior strength. iNaturalist-Juncus kraussii NZPCN-Juncus kraussii australiensis Oioi Oioi/Jointed Wire Rush Apodasmia similis Endemic. Not threatened. This is a common rush throughout the estuary and dune wetlands of this coast, indeed around much of Aotearoa New Zealand. Oioi is dioecious, which means it has gender and unlike many species, the sex of each plant is visible without the need of a microscope. It can grow very densely, so that there is seldom room for other vegetation amongst the stems of any cluster. One downside of this is that Oioi can crowd out smaller species, as part of natural succession processes. Because it can be colourful, Oioi is used widely nationally as an ornamental plant, such on the walk between the international and domestic terminals at Auckland airport. NZPCN-Apodasmia similis iNaturalist-Apodasmia similis Purua Grass Purua Grass Bolboschoenus caldwellii Native. Not threatened. Also known by its alternative name of Caldwell's Club Rush this is an annual grass, which in winter dies down leaving only the detritus from the past summer’s growth. It occupies a large area of the salt marsh immediately south of Sunset Walkway and is the dominant species that is easily visible from the viewing platform on Darwick Street throughout summer and autumn. It is a coastal-loving species associated with Estuaries and lowland saline areas and in some locations can occur in pasture bordering its favoured habitat. It is also found in Australia. The main spike bares three to six red-brown spikelets which develop tiny flowers between October and January. A nut-like fruit appears between December and May which, because of the volume produced soon creates dense patched. They are believed to be dispersed mainly by water but also by wind. NZPCN-Bolboschoenus caldwellii iNaturalist-353857 knobby club rush Wiwi/Knobby Club Rush Ficinia nodosa Native. Not threatened. Wiwi is a common rush around the southern hemisphere. It is one of several species labelled under the same moniker. Growing in xeric (dry) dunes as well as in wetland and estuarine situations, Although a mainly coastal species it has been recorded at altitudes up to 700m above sea level. It is a tough plant - often the last remaining native species before being swamped by exotics. White flowers appear from September to December and fruits between November and May. When ripe, the nuts are thought to be dispersed by wind. NZPCN-Ficinia nodosa iNaturalist-Ficinia nodosa coastalrestorationtrust-wiwi